Pharmaceutical policies: effects of reference pricing, other pricing, and purchasing policies

Pricing policies

Challenges and opportunities for pharmaceutical pricing and reimbursement policies

Even though access to affordable medicines is a human right, it is not ensured world-wide. The Priority Medicines Report 2013 [1] identified pharmaceutical gaps that continue to remain: diseases of public health importance for which pharmaceutical treatments either do not exist or are inadequate (see also K4). Where adequate treatments were available, access might be limited due to high costs o...

Pharmaceutical pricing and reimbursement policies: perspectives for the future

Setting the scene For many years, the global approach to pharmaceutical pricing and reimbursement policies has been informed, first and foremost, by the key differences between those systems which relied on public sector procurement and supply, and those which were based on reimbursement. The first approach was considered to be the most appropriate for developing countries. Funding for healthca...

Pricing Policies in Academic Libraries

ECONOMICPRESSURE ON LIBRARIES in the United States is approaching a critical stage.’ Academic libraries in particular are vulnerable to this pressure because of tightened budgets coupled with rapidly increasing costs. Academic institutions have been hurt economically by the need to increase tuition, while enrollment is decreasing due to lower birthrates in the 1950s and early 1960s, less intere...

Reference Pricing, Generic Entry, and Pharmaceutical Prices

In this paper we study the impact of reference pricing (RP) on entry of generic firms in the pharmaceutical market. For given prices, RP increases generic firms’expected profit, but since RP also stimulates price competition the impact on generic entry is theoretically ambiguous. In order to empirically test the effects of RP, we exploit a policy reform in Norway in 2005 that exposed a subset o...